Clinton Reassures Mexico About Its Image

Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, continuing her show of solidarity with Mexicans in their struggle against drug trafficking, toured a high-tech police base in Mexico City on Thursday and greeted diplomats from the American Consulate in this northern city, which was sprayed with gunfire last fall by a suspected drug gang member.

But Mrs. Clinton was nearly upstaged by reports that the United States planned to nominate a Cuban-born American diplomat who has written extensively about “failed states” as the next ambassador to Mexico.

The State Department declined to comment on reports that the diplomat, Carlos Pascual, a former ambassador to Ukraine who is currently the director of foreign policy at the Brookings Institution, would be nominated.

But a person familiar with the administration’s deliberations said Mr. Pascual was President Obama’s choice for the post. Mr. Pascual did not respond to an e-mail message asking for comment.

The Mexican daily newspaper El Universal, citing unnamed sources, reported Thursday that the United States had submitted Mr. Pascual’s name to the Mexican government.

The paper noted that Mr. Pascual’s specialty was in dealing with conflict-ridden states. He served as the coordinator for reconstruction and stabilization in the State Department, a post that involved working with several agencies to develop strategies for broken countries like Afghanistan.

That could raise hackles among some Mexicans, who take umbrage at recent assertions by American analysts that drug-related violence has so destabilized Mexico that it is danger of becoming a failed state.

Jorge G. Castañeda, a former Mexican foreign minister, said he was pleased that the administration was reaching outside the pool of Latin American specialists at the State Department. But he said he was concerned that Mr. Pascual did not have close ties to either Mr. Obama or Mrs. Clinton.

On Thursday, Mrs. Clinton noted that no official of the Obama administration had ever used the phrase “failed state.” She said Mexico faced a “public safety challenge,” likening it to the surge of drug violence in American cities in the 1980s. And she lavished praise on the Mexican president, Felipe Calderón, for taking strong measures against the drug cartels.

At the Ixtapalapa police station, Mrs. Clinton was shown two Black Hawk helicopters that the Mexican federal police uses to track drug smugglers. She also watched police squads stage a mock rescue of a hijacked passenger plane.

The Obama administration appears sensitive that the discussion of Mexico’s instability in Washington may have gone too far. Dennis C. Blair, the director of national intelligence, said in testimony in Congress recently that the cartels controlled parts of Mexico, a comment that drew an angry reaction in Mexico.

But on Thursday, he sought to tamp down those fears.

“Mexico is in no danger of becoming a failed state,” Mr. Blair said in a discussion with reporters in Washington. He then repeated the phrase for emphasis.

Speaking to students at a technology university here, Mrs. Clinton also sought to play down a dispute over Mexican trucks’ using American highways, which has set off a trade dispute. Congress canceled financing for a pilot program for the trucks, and Mexico responded by imposing $2.4 billion in tariffs.

Mrs. Clinton said she was confident that the countries would find a solution to the dispute. But she said, “We shouldn’t just take Mexican trucking and act as though that is the only issue.”

A much bigger threat, Mrs. Clinton said, was smuggling across the border. “If there are legitimate questions about how we move goods and services and people, we have to answer all of them,” she said.

Source http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/27/world/americas/27mexico.html?ref=americas

Arctic and Antarctic-themed Activities to Bring a Breath of Polar Air to Baltimore

The Maryland Science Center in Baltimore will be the focal point of a range of public events April 4 and 5 that highlight federally funded Arctic and Antarctic research programs. The public events are being held in conjunction with a meeting on the international treaty governing international cooperation and scientific research in Antarctica.

The Science Center events will include an unprecedented exhibit of collected art, film, poetry and prose created by world-class artists to interpret the nation's Antarctic heritage, the public unveiling of a unique film that shows the global importance of the world's Polar Regions to multimedia and hands-on demonstrations of polar science and cultures. The science center events are scheduled in conjunction with a two-week-long Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM), attended by delegates from more than 40 countries.

The exhibit and many of the related events are funded jointly by the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Office of Polar Programs (OPP) and its Education and Human Resources Directorate's Informal Science Education (ISE) program. NSF manages the U.S. Antarctic program, which coordinates all U.S. research on the southernmost continent. NSF's director also chairs the Interagency Arctic Research Policy Committee (IARPC).

The programs are designed to give the public, including young children, a glimpse into both the lives of those who make their homes in the Polar Regions and those who conduct cutting-edge science there. They also focus attention on the importance of U.S. government-supported polar research-in fields as diverse as climate sciences, oceanography, and astrophysics-in a global context.

The Maryland Science Center at Baltimore's Inner Harbor was named one of the nation's ten best science centers for families" by Parent's Magazine in 2008. It is visited by 500,000 people annually.

The weekend also will highlight the uniqueness and importance of the Antarctic Treaty.

The Treaty-which was signed in the U.S. 50 years ago-begins with the words "recognizing that it is in the interest of all mankind that Antarctica shall continue forever to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes ..." It uniquely guarantees freedom of scientific investigation on the southernmost continent. Treaty protocols also prohibit such activities as oil and gas and mineral exploration. The Treaty was also the first multilateral arms-control agreement, banning nuclear explosions and military activity.

This Treaty meeting will also be unusual because it will be attended by senior diplomats and scientists from the Arctic Council nations, many of which are also parties to the Antarctic Treaty. Significantly, the meeting will convene a century to the day after Maryland-born Arctic explorer Matthew Henson, an African-American, became the first person to reach the North Pole.

The Baltimore meeting also occurs at the official close of the International Polar Year (IPY), which concentrated deployment into the polar regions by scientists from more than 60 countries, NSF was the lead U.S. agency for IPY, in which many federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) participated.

The U.S. Department of State is organizing the Baltimore meeting, the 32nd since the Treaty was signed, but only the first in the United States since the 1970's. The working meeting, which is being held at the Baltimore Convention Center, is closed to the public.

Other federal agencies including NSF, which manages the U.S. Antarctic Program, NASA and NOAA planned and executed the public-outreach events.

Cassini Swaps Thrusters

PASADENA, Calif. – Early this morning the Cassini spacecraft relayed information that it had successfully swapped to a backup set of propulsion thrusters late Wednesday.

The swap was performed because of degradation in the performance of the primary thrusters, which had been in use since Cassini's launch in 1997. This is only the second time in Cassini's 11 years of flight that the engineering teams have gone to a backup system.

The thrusters are used for making small corrections to the spacecraft's course, for some attitude control functions, and for making angular momentum adjustments in the reaction wheels, which also are used for attitude control. The redundant set is an identical set of eight thrusters. Almost all Cassini engineering subsystems have redundant backup capability.

Cassini has successfully completed its original four-year planned tour of Saturn and is now in extended mission operations.

Ultra-Fast Camera Captures How Hummingbirds Hover

Hummingbirds are masters of the air--unique among birds for their ability to hover for long periods of time. Using a sophisticated digital imaging technique, scientists have now determined the aerodynamics of hummingbird flight. These latest data disprove conclusions from numerous earlier studies that hummingbirds hovered like insects despite their profound muscle and skeletal differences.

The team found that hummingbirds support 75 percent of their weight during the wing's down stroke and 25 percent on the up stroke--in contrast to insects, which produce equal amounts of lift during their down and up strokes.

Researchers from Oregon State University, University of Portland and George Fox University published the new findings in the June 23 issue of the journal Nature.

Co-author Bret Tobalske said, "We were surprised to find that the up stroke in the hovering hummingbird was much less active than the down stroke. This finding provides new insight into evolutionary trends that led to sustained hovering in birds."

This allocation of wing workload differs from that of other birds, which use the down stroke to support 100 percent of their weight during slow flight and short-term hovering.

Insects support 50 percent of their weight with each stroke. Tobalske pointed out that despite different ancestries hummingbirds seem to have adapted insect flight performance using a bird-like wing that flexes, twists and arches in ways that the rigid insect wing cannot.

Previous research to determine how hummingbirds stayed aloft employed high-speed video, but motion analysis alone was not sufficient to fully reveal the underlying aerodynamics.

In this study, the researchers applied "digital particle imaging velocimetry" (DPIV) to follow the flapping wings. DPIV is used in various applications to study flow characteristics of liquids and gases. By taking pictures with a special computer-coupled camera lighted with a laser, the distance traveled by individual particles seeded in a liquid or gas can be tracked through successive images. Hence, DPIV allows the researchers to follow the particles' movement image by image, like looking through the pages of a high-tech flipbook.

To observe the hummingbird in flight, the air in a wind tunnel was seeded with microscopic particles of olive oil, and digital images were captured every 300 microseconds as the bird hovered at a feeder. The wing beats caused the air to circulate, which in turn caused the floating oil particles to move. Computer-aided image analysis of each oil particle's position in consecutive frames allowed the scientists to reconstruct the lift and characteristics associated with each up and down wing movement.

It is said Igor Sikorsky, a name synonymous with the invention of the helicopter, considered the flight of hummingbirds while going through numerous design modifications. So, according to Tobalske, it is fitting that this new description of hummingbird aerodynamics will provide engineers with a refined model for developing future miniature autonomous flying vehicles.

Hummingbirds seem to garner a universal appeal, something that was largely spurred by former DuPont company president, Crawford Greenewalt, who, in the 1960s, used novel strobe-flash technology to capture the birds in color photographs--leading to popular theories about their extreme hovering ability and numerous National Geographic articles.

"You would be hard-pressed to find someone who isn't amazed by hummingbirds," said H. Ross Hawkins, founder and executive director of The Hummingbird Society. "Perhaps it's their iridescent coloration and miniature size, or their ability to drop their heart rate from 500 beats per minute during the day to 40 beats per minute at night."

Hawkins commented that it was logical, but perhaps naïve, for scientists and bird-lovers alike to postulate that hummingbirds flew like insects of similar size. "Fascinating!" he said of the findings.

The National Science Foundation's division of Integrative Organismal Biology supported this research.